Bureau of Labor Statistics Archives - Colorado-based Business and Economic Research

Bureau of Labor Statistics Data May Not Correctly Tell the Story

September 22, 2015November 23, 2015 horvath Leave a comment

It is questionable whether the wage and salary data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics reflects what is happening on the streets of Colorado. With that in mind, the following paragraphs tell the story of the Colorado economy based on the headlines.

The Headlines

Comments made by Mark Snead

The former director of the Denver Branch of the Kansas City Fed has said that the Tier I energy states are on the verge of recession. To date, the economies in Tier II states have been much stronger and job gains in other industries have more than offset job losses in the energy sector.

On a different note, Snead posted in a blog post saying that” the current expansion is getting to be a bit long in the tooth.” It is 74 months and running.

Government

Governments are optimistic given the following actions:
• Boulder has approved their 2016 budget which includes the addition of 48 employees.
• Governor Hickenlooper has promised $100 million to make Colorado the “best state for biking.”
• The U.S. Treasury CDFI fund has given a $2 million grant to The Colorado Enterprise Fund to support local small businesses.
• The state approved $12.8 million in tax credits for two companies that might result in 1,600 jobs. These companies are in the health care and energy solutions industries.
• Loveland city council will discuss a proposal to provide high-tech manufacturing consulting and training organization EWI with $2 million in funding to open a facility at the Rocky Mountain Center for Innovation and Technology.
• In an uncharacteristic move, the state rejected a proposal for tax credits for a Colorado company that would increase health care employment by 1,418 jobs. The justification was the state did not have the workers to fill the jobs and would have to import them.

Aerospace
Aerospace is one of Colorado’s targeted high tech industries, yet it is in a state of flux with increased involvement from the private sector. The impact of some of the changes remains to be seen.
• Lockheed Martin could lay off 500 IT workers (nationally).
• Aeroject Rocketdyne made an unsolicited bid of $2 billion for United Launch Alliance.
• Jeff Bezos announces Cape Canaveral as the base for his commercial aerospace program.

Retail
The budgets for many cities rely heavily on taxes generated from retail trade sales. Nationally some retail chains are struggling. At the moment that appears to be an issue with the companies, not the industry.
• Best Buy in Broomfield has announced it is closing on October 31.
• A January restructuring caused Macy’s to shutter 14 stores and it recently announced it will close an additional 35 to 40 stores in early 2016. The company runs 770 Macy’s stores and has closed 52 locations over the last five years while opening 12. It is not known if Colorado stores will be closed.

Technology
Colorado has always prided itself for its technology clusters.
• Hewlett-Packard has announced worldwide cuts of 25,000 to 30,000. There is uncertainty whether this will negatively impact Colorado or benefit it if consolidation brings workers to the state.
• Level 3 has announced a round of layoffs associated with the company’s merger with TW Telecomm that took place last fall. The location and number of these workers has not been announced.
• Seagate will layoff 70 workers in Longmont
• Astra Zeneca bought the Boulder Amgen facility and may add 400 jobs.

Construction
Some construction leaders are clamoring that the growth of the industry and the economy may not reach its potential in part because of the lack of trained workers. The lack of a trained workforce has occurred despite solid growth in wages. At the same time, non-seasonally adjusted construction spending is at its highest level since May 2008.

Energy
Synergy Resources paid $78 million to K.P. Kaufman for assets in the Wattenberg Field. After record oil production in May, June production dropped off slightly.

Time will tell whether the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the headlines are correct.

Number of Colorado Business Establishments Remains Well Below 2007 Peak

February 23, 2014June 7, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

The Bureau of Labor Statistics tracks the number of business establishments as well as the number of employees. An establishment is defined as a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. By contrast, a firm is comprised of establishments.

The number of Colorado business establishments peaked at 180,934 in Q3 2007. As a result of the Great Recession, the number of Colorado business establishments declined to 168,939 in Q1 2011.

There has been steady growth in the number of business establishments since bottoming out in 2011; however, it will be several more years before a return to the 2007 peak. In other words, the effects of the Great Recession are still being felt despite the state’s job recovery.

The number of business establishments in Colorado remains below the 2007 peak. — The number of Colorado business establishments remains below the 2007 peak.

U.S. Jobs Are Being Added at a Slower Rate

October 23, 2013October 23, 2013 horvath Leave a comment

On October 22nd the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the U.S. added 148,000 jobs in the month of September. For the first 9 months of 2013, U.S. employment increased at an average rate of 177,000 jobs per month. This is below the monthly average for 2012 (185,000) and slightly above the monthly average for 2011 (175,000).

Given the fact that the government shutdown delayed the publication of the jobs data, many economists believe the September value is nothing more than a placeholder that will be revised downward on November 8.

U.S. job growth was strong in the first quarter of 2013, but it has grown at a slower rate as the year has progressed. A similar pattern has occurred in Colorado.

On a positive note, the rate of growth for the state has remained stronger than the nation.

Note: The recent BLS projections do not account for job reductions attributed to the Government shutdown.

Government Sector is Top in Output and Jobs for Colorado

October 7, 2013October 7, 2013 horvath Leave a comment

All industries are important to the economy for different reasons! Some may generate tax revenue for governments, they may create jobs, or they might pay higher than average wages. Others may be lifestyle industries or they may be strong producers of output. By comprehending how industries contribute to the economy, it is possible to better understand how they relate to each other and how they cause an economy to expand or contract.

There are distinct differences between the top 10 Colorado sectors for output and employment. Government tops both lists. The sectors in green are common to both lists and are particularly important to the Colorado economy.

It is imperative to have public and private leaders who understand that industries are important to the economy for different reasons. They must recognize that some industries create jobs, others generate output, and some produce both. In Colorado, the following sectors most effectively produce both: Health care; Retail trade; Professional, scientific, and technical; Manufacturing; and Finance and insurance.

2012 Colorado GDP	2012 CES Employment
1. Government	1. Government
2. Real estate and rental and leasing	2. Health care and social assistance
3. Professional, scient., and tech..	3. Accommodations and food services
4. Information	4. Retail trade
5. Manufacturing	5. Professional, scient., and tech.
6. Finance and insurance	6. Administrative and waste management
7. Health care and social assistance	7. Manufacturing
8. Retail trade	8. Construction
9. Wholesale trade	9. Finance and insurance
10. Mining	10. Other services

Source: BLS and BEA.

The top 10 output sectors account for 77.7% of total GDP and the top 10 job sectors account for 81.9% of total employment.

For additional analysis of Colorado employment and output go to the cber.co website.

Tepid Job Growth Continues

June 10, 2013June 10, 2013 horvath Leave a comment

When the Bureau of Labor Statistics announced (June 7th) that 175,000 jobs were added in May the stock market rose by 200+ points. While the number of jobs added in May exceeded expectations, a significant downward revision in April offset those gains.

Said differently, the number of jobs added in May was comparable to the monthly average for 2011. It is difficult to explain how that level of job growth could drive the market up.

The good news is that jobs are being added at a steady, albeit tepid pace.

On average, the U.S. has added 189,200 jobs per month in 2013. This compares to +185,000 workers in 2012 and +175,000 workers in 2011. In other words, job growth continues to be lackluster, but well above the average for 2010 (+85,000) and 2009 (-421,000).

At this rate, U.S. employment will return to the 2008 peak some time in 2014.

CDLE’s Monthly Unemployment Data Misses the Mark in 2012

April 4, 2013April 4, 2013 horvath Leave a comment

Last year, did it seem like the Colorado unemployment rate didn’t match what was happening on the streets?

For the most part, the initial data, which is used in the monthly CDLE media blitz, told a much different story from the unheralded benchmark revisions released in March. In fact, the correlation coefficient between the initial release data and the March benchmark data is .44. This means there is a relationship between the two data sets, but it is not strong.

The initial data indicated that unemployment rate was flat at 7.8% for the first quarter, had four months of increases up to 8.3%, then five months of declines.

On the other hand, the benchmarked revisions started at 8.3% and dropped in February to 8.2%. The rate stayed at that level until June, when it declined for the last 6 months of the year. The benchmarked data ended the year at 7.5% compared to 7.6% for the initial data.

Good data is most valuable during times when the economy is the most volatile. The unemployment rate published by the Colorado Department of Labor failed to meet that critical need in 2012.

Data Not Clear About Whether Colorado is Outperforming the Nation in the Recovery

December 12, 2012December 12, 2012 horvath Leave a comment

The wage and salary data produced by BLS shows that Colorado has recovered about 67% of jobs lost as a result of the Great Recession compared to 51% for the U.S.

The LAUS data also produced by BLS tells a much different story.

The Colorado LAUS Data shows that between the 2008 peak and the 2010 trough, Colorado lost more than 135,000 jobs. As of October 2012, the state had recovered only 26% of these jobs.

From October 2011 to October 2012, the LAUS data reports that the number of employed in Colorado has increased by 4,700. Over the past year, state CES employment has increased by 41,600 (NSA) or 42,100 (SA) and those numbers are likely to be revised upwards. For the numbers to reconcile, this disparity suggests that at least 37,000 contract workers, sole proprietors, or family businesses went out of business over the past year.

The U.S. LAUS Data shows that between the 2008 peak and the 2010 trough, the U.S. lost more than seven million jobs. It has since recovered 67% of these jobs.

From October 2011 to October 2012, the LAUS data reports that the number of employed in the U.S. has increased by 3.1 million. Over the past year, U.S. CES employment has increased by more than 1.922 million (NSA) or 1.949 million (SA). The differences between these numbers can be reconciled, as the difference can most likely be attributed to the growth of contract workers, family businesses, or sole proprietors.

The LAUS data shows that Colorado has recovered 26% of the jobs lost during the Great Recession compared to 67% for the U.S.

These results raise yet another red flag about the LAUS data published by the Colorado LMI, CDLE, and BLS. Click on the following dates for a review of the downturns for the 1980s and the late 2000s.

Stagnancy in the Size of the Colorado Labor Force – The Lost Decade and Beyond

December 5, 2012December 5, 2012 horvath Leave a comment

In a previous post, the topic of discussion was the stagnancy of the labor force during the 1980s (click here). In that case the size of the labor force was flat for about five years because of a regional recession, weak wage and salary job growth, and negative net migration. This post will look at the size of the labor force during the Great Recession and beyond.

Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) are available for Colorado beginning in 1976. Since then, the month-over-prior month labor force increased about 87% of the time (383 of 442 months). In a vibrant economy, periodic ups and downs are expected, but increases in the size of the labor force are generally the rule of the thumb.

Between April 2000 and October 2012 there were 30 months with decreases in the month-over-prior month size of the labor force. In January 2008 there were 2,722,015 workers. By April 2009 the number had risen to 2,758,468 workers.

During the past 42 months, there were 19 month-over-prior month declines. There were 2,725,803 workers in the October 2012 labor force. This was 32,665 fewer than the level in April 2009 and essentially the same as January 2008.

Next, we will look at three data sets for the period: Wage and Salary job growth, Net migration, and the Unemployment Rate.

For the years, 2009-2012, wage and salary job growth was devastating, with back-to-back net job losses in 2009 and 2010. The net change in wage and salary jobs follows:
• 2008 19,000
• 2009 -104,700
• 2010 -23,300
• 2011 33,000
• 2012 est 45,000

Unlike the 1980s, when the state experienced negative net migration, there has been solid positive net migration, i.e. more people moved into the state than out of it. The net migration follows:
• 2008 45,000
• 2009 36,300
• 2010 37,000
• 2011 34,900
• 2012 est 36,800

For this period the unemployment rate varied from 4.8% to 8.0%. While the monthly rate has dropped from a high of 9.0% in 2010, the 2012 annual rate remains the same as it was in 2009.
• 2008 4.8%
• 2009 8.1%
• 2010 8.9%
• 2011 8.3%
• 2012 8.0%

For all intensive purposes, the size of the labor force will be about the same as it was at the end of 2009 and the number of employed and unemployed workers will be similar.

• The 33,000 wage and salary jobs added in 2011 lowered the unemployment rate by 0.6% points, yet growth of 45,000 jobs in 2012 will lower it by 0.3% points.
• For the period 2008 to 2012, total net migration was 190,000; approximately 125,000 of these individuals are 16-65 years old.

This raises a series of questions:
• How many people have become contract or 1099 workers? How many have become sole proprietors and owned family businesses? How many people are working temporary jobs? Will they still work in this capacity when the economy recovers or will they take wage and salary jobs?
• How many workers have stopped working who don’t show up in the data?
• What are the in migrants doing? Did they take jobs that Colorado residents might have taken? Are they working in other capacities?
• How many families with dual incomes now only have one income?
• Have the published unemployment numbers been manipulated to meet political agendas?

There seem to be more questions than answers and the numbers do not seem to reconcile. As grave as the employment situation has been, it appears that the unemployment rate may be inaccurate and may have understated the magnitude of the problem.

Stagnancy in the Size of the Colorado Labor Force – 1980s

November 29, 2012November 29, 2012 horvath Leave a comment

The unemployment rate is one of the most popular, but overrated statistics for measuring the performance of the economy. It is such a crude measurement of economic performance that the state’s labor economist was recently quoted in the media as saying that it shouldn’t be taken at face value.

The calculation of the unemployment rate is simple. The number of unemployed workers is added to the number of employed workers (wage and salary, sole proprietors, and others) and that equals the size of the labor force. The unemployment rate is simply the number of unemployed workers divided by the size of the labor force.

In other words, the size of the labor force is a key component in determining the accuracy of the unemployment rate. This brings us to the topic of this post – the size of the labor force.

Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) are available for Colorado beginning in 1976. Since then, month-over-prior month labor force increased about 87% of the time (383 of 442 months). In a vibrant economy, periodic ups and downs are expected, but increases in the size of the labor force are generally the rule of the thumb.

There are two periods when the size of the labor force did not increase, during the 1980s and the late 2000s. The following analysis looks a period during the 1980s.

Between September 1984 through April 1989 the size of the labor force declined in 29 of 53 months.

In August 1984 the size of the labor force, as measured by LAUS data, was 1,719,239. It declined sharply in 1985, bounced back for most of 1986, and fell sharply in 1987. It remained flat for much of 1988 and into the first part of 1989. In June of 1989, the labor force was reported at 1,719,824. From that point, it continued to grow.

Next, we will look at three data sets for the period: Wage and Salary job growth, Net migration, and the unemployment rate.

During this period, Wage and Salary (CES) job growth was weak, with net job losses in 1987. The net change in wage and salary jobs follows:
• 1984   75,100
• 1985   16,400
• 1986 -10,400
• 1987       4,300
• 1988   23,500
• 1989    46,200
• 1990    38,600

The CES and LAUS series are different measures of employment, but they should tell a similar story about changes in employment.

During this period the state experienced negative net migration, i.e. more people moved out of the state than into the state. The net migration follows:
• 1984      2,782
• 1985      5,172
• 1986     -5,270
• 1987   -13,997
• 1988   -24,280
• 1989   -18,752
• 1990   -12,964

For this period the unemployment rate varied from 5.4% to 7.5%. It remained at a higher than normal level because unemployed workers were able to move outside the region and find work. The annual unemployment rates for this period were:
• 1984   5.4%
• 1985   6.0%
• 1986   7.5%
• 1987   7.5%
• 1988   6.4%
• 1989   5.6%
• 1990   5.1%

The labor force was stagnant for about five years for the following reasons:
• There was a regional recession
• Weak wage and salary job growth
• Negative net migration.

A similar stagnancy in the size of the labor force occurred during the 2000s. It is more difficult to understand and will be discussed in a later post (click here).

“Don’t Get Excited” About the Addition of 7,000 Colorado Jobs in September

November 12, 2012November 12, 2012 horvath Leave a comment

In its latest state-level jobs report, the Bureau of Labor Statistics stated that Colorado gained 7,000 jobs in September, on a seasonally-adjusted (SA) basis. This inordinate gain comes on the heels of a loss of 100 jobs in August.

The quirky nature of the data prompted Colorado’s chief labor economist to report to the Denver Post that the state shouldn’t get “too excited about the addition of 7,000 jobs in September”. It is unlikely that this wide swing in jobs is an accurate measure of what is happening on the streets. Rather, it is the result of adjustment factors that don’t fully capture “seasonal” changes in the economy. Unfortunately, Colorado’s Labor Market Information agency has chosen to use the SA data set as the foundation of its monthly labor reports.

A look at the non-seasonally adjusted data (NSA) shows that Colorado has added an average of 38,800 workers through the first three quarters of the year. The year-end data shouldn’t be too far off that mark, before revisions. Final revisions, made by BLS in March of 2013 and 2014, will likely be in an upward direction since the non-farm, or wage and salary data typically understates growth during periods of sustained growth.

Overall job growth is broad based with the strongest absolute growth occurring in the following sectors:
6,700 Tourism
5,900 Private, Education, and HealthCare
4,700 Professional, and Scientific, and Technical Services
4,700 Retail Trade
4,400 Construction
4,100 Employment Services
3,100 Manufacturing

The following sectors posted absolute job gains that were more moderate:
2,400 K-12 Education
1,800 Extractive Industries
1,700 Wholesale Trade
1,500 Higher Education
1,300 Corporate Headquarters (MCE)
1,300 Personal (Other) Services

Minimal change was recorded in the following sectors:
800 Financial Activities
300 B-to-B (Not Employment Services)
Flat State (Not Higher Education)
-200 Utilities
-400 Transportation & Warehousing

More significant job losses were reported in the following:
-400 Transportation & Warehousing
-700 Federal Government
-2,300 Local Government (Not K-12)
-2,400 Information

Average employment for the first quarter of the year was 47,300 greater than 2011. At the time that level of increase did not seem realistic or sustainable. In April, job growth dropped off to a rate that was in line with the sluggish growth of the U.S. economy.

Average employment for the past six months has been 34,600 and the range of year-over-year job gains has varied from 31,200 to 37,100. It seems realistic to expect similar job gains through the end of the year.

For more detailed analysis of the Colorado economy go to cber.co.