horvath, Author at Colorado-based Business and Economic Research - cber.co

Forecast Accuracy for the CU Colorado Economic Outlook

December 3, 2010June 12, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

In early December the Colorado Business Economic Outlook Forum (CBEO) will be held in Denver for the 46th consecutive year. The event, sponsored by the Leeds School of Business and BBVA Compass is a forecast of state employment based on the expert opinions of estimating groups for each of the NAICS sectors. Each year, one of the most common questions about the event is, “How accurate are the numbers?”

Reasons for Analysis

In the fall of 2008, I presented a simplistic analysis of the accuracy of the CBEO at the annual AUBER conference (this blog post updates that presentation to include the period 1972 to 2010). The original presentation was motivated by curiosity from estimating group members who wanted to know how accurate their forecasts were.

Questions were also raised from an academic perspective.
• Which is more accurate, a forecast calculated by an econometric model or one determined by committees, based on expert opinion?
• Does financial sponsorship of a forecast by a publicly traded financial institution increase the chance of bias in the forecast?
• An academic paper by Owen Lamont (2001) asked, “Does an experienced research team, with a wealth of knowledge, produce a more accurate forecast or does the added knowledge result in an “arrogance” which may reduce the accuracy of the forecast?

While this simplistic analysis provides insight into some aspects of the forecast accuracy, additional research is necessary to address these issues.

Jobs Gained or Lost

The first test of accuracy measured whether jobs were added or lost (+ or -).

Because an employment forecast is intrinsically a growth forecast, its real value occurs if it can identify the years when jobs are lost.

Colorado employment recorded increases in 34 of 39 years.
• The CBEO accurately predicted growth for all 34 years; however, it inaccurately forecasted growth for three years when jobs were lost.
• Said differently, jobs were lost in five years. The CBEO accurately forecasted 2 of the 5 years, or 40%, when job were lost.

Turns (The key is to accurately predict them)

A second test for measuring the accuracy of the CBEO is to evaluate its ability to recognize turns. A turn is defined by a change in the slope or direction of the trend line (upward or downward). For example, it may change directions from positive to zero or negative.

• There were 17 actual turns in 37 years. During those 17 years, the forecast accurately projected turns 12 of 17 times (12 correct turns, 5 incorrect turns). These errors occurred in 1979, 1987, 1990, 1995, and 1998.
The forecast projected 6 turns during the remaining 20 years when turns did not occur (0 correct turns, 6 incorrect turns). These errors occurred in 1973, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1999, and 2009.

• The CBEO accurately forecasted turns 52% of the time – 12 correct/11 incorrect.

This analysis illustrates the difficulty in preparing an employment forecast. There are clearly challenges in accurately predicting turns, as well as the magnitude of each of the turns. This has been demonstrated by most economists in their projections during the Lost Decade. In the case of the CBEO, its value derives more from the discussions associated with projections for each of the sectors, than the projected changes in total employment.

It all Starts with a Job

November 28, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

A mantra common to economic developers, high school counselors, and politicians is that “it all starts with a job”. Jobs come in all shapes, sizes, and pay rates, as evidenced by the employment and occupation data produced by Colorado Office of Labor Market Information (LMI).

For example, the average entry level pay rate for Coloradans is $9.98 per hour while the average rate for experienced workers is $28.18. On average, hourly wage earners receive $22.11 per hour.

On the salary side of the equation, average annual entry level wages are $20,767 with experienced workers receiving $58,606. Average wages across all sectors are $45,993 per year.

The most recognized LMI data is the employment and unemployment numbers. In addition; the group also tracks occupational data, such as types of jobs, short-term and long-term growth rate, areas of the state where jobs are most prevalent, and compensation information.

A simple example of some of the data can be found by looking at the seven categories of occupations in the legal profession. There are approximately:

• 14,298 Lawyers
• 4,486 Paralegals and Legal Assistants
• 4,006 Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construct
• 3,965 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
• 1,782 Detectives and Criminal Investigators
• 627 Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates
• 298 Law Clerks

A similar breakdown is available for each of the key industries that comprise the Colorado economy. These data can be used by community colleges, workforce centers, and private educators to establish training and education programs. Parents and guidance counselors may use them as a tool for guiding their children into certain occupations. Employers may evaluate the data to understand pay ranges or areas where they may expect labor shortages.

REO – Bright Light in the Down Economy

November 23, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

Although Colorado’s high tech cluster has been hit hard during the “lost decade” there are some bright spots. On November 17 the Colorado Photonics Industry Association (CPIA) recognized Research Electro-Optics, Inc. (REO) as one of those bright spots when it named it the 2010 Colorado Photonics Company of the Year.

REO is a precision optics and thin film coating company founded in Colorado in 1980. It services small to medium to high volume OEMs including manufacturers of defense and aerospace systems, laser systems, semiconductor tools, medical systems, life sciences instrumentation and telecommunications equipment.

In recent years REO has expanded its staff and increased its new manufacturing and technology assets. REO officials indicated that they have been profitable for all of the past six years, with double-digit growth in several of those years. The company is privately held, with 2010 annual sales projected to be in the neighborhood of $40 million.

The Colorado photonics cluster received a boost during the mid-1980s, around the time REO was started. At that time, the Colorado Advanced Technology Institute (CATI) provided a small matching grant for at National Science Foundation Center of Excellence at CU and CSU. That grant ultimately led research that was commercialized to form 20 companies.

As an enabling technology, photonics touches many industries, such as aerospace, renewable energy, homeland security, biomedical devices, telecommunications, and defense. This allows companies, such as REO to diversify their product line and clients, thus insulating them from turbulent economic times.

Congratulations to REO!

CSU Forecast – Job Growth Less Than One Percent

November 16, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

On November 16, the Colorado State University ‘s Economics Department held its Colorado Employment Outlook for 2011. This event featured employment forecasts for various regions throughout Colorado as well as an overall forecast for the state.

Like many other forecasting groups, the CSU team accurately predicted the downturn; however, they did not project the full magnitude of the recession. The state forecast stated that employment growth would be less than 1% in 2011, or about 19,000 workers. The Denver metro area will record positive job growth, although the Boulder area will show weaknesses based on their high concentration of manufacturing and high tech. Mixed results are on the horizon for the state’s resort counties and rural parts of the state.

The forecast team worked with the staffs of the Denver Branch of the Kansas City Federal Reserve as well as the Colorado Office of Labor Market Information , the state agency that prepares labor and employment data for the Bureau of Labor Statistics .

For additional information contact Dr. Martin Shields or Dr. Harvey Cutler.

Growth in Colorado Exports Bodes Well for Recovery

November 12, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

Recent export numbers provided a glimmer of hope that both the global and Colorado economies are slowly improving. As reported by Rita Wold in the November 12th issue of the Denver Post , Colorado exports through the first 8 months of the 2010 are about 10% higher than for the same period last year. This growth was driven by gains in the top agriculture category and each of the top four manufacturing groups.

Colorado exports, as calculated by WISER , peaked at almost $8.0 billion in 2006, followed by a series of declines to $5.9 billion last year. Total exports in the neighborhood of $6.5 billion are on tap for 2010.

The top agricultural export is, “Meat of Bovine Animal, Fresh or Chilled;” as beef sales are Colorado’s top meat export. In 2005, meat exports bottomed out at about $152 million as fears of Mad Cow disease caused many of the state’s trading partners to block sales of beef imports.. As concerns about the disease subsided, the markets for Colorado beef and other meats increased over the next several years to $400 million in 2008. Demand has declined with the global recession and Colorado meat exports should exceed $330 million this year.

On the manufacturing side of the equation, the top export category is electronic integrated circuits and microassembly parts. In 2006, exports in this category totaled $1.3 billion, and accounted for 16% of the state total. In 2010, this category will account for about 6% of total exports, or $430 million. The loss of the Intel plant in Colorado Springs several years ago, along with the restructuring of the computer storage industry brought about the precipitous decline in Colorado manufacturing exports and employment.

The increase in Colorado manufacturing exports bodes well for the recovery of the Colorado economy, however, it is not likely to drive a strong short-term increase in employment. Over the past decade, manufacturers have increased productivity and output at the expense of a larger work force.

The Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade and the World Trade Center provide a variety of programs and assistance to Colorado exporters. Many of these services are particularly valuable to first-time exporters or to business exporting to countries for the first time.

Job Losses Expected in 2011 – State Demography Office

November 7, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

The 2010 Annual State Demography Meeting kicked off on a somber note, when staff economist David Keyser; announced that the state’s recovery from the Great Recession will be painfully slow.

Some of the key points from Keyser’s review of the past year (2010) were:
• Job gains occurred in health care, government, and education.
• Ongoing losses in manufacturing continue to hinder the recovery because they have a high multiplier effect.
• Low wage jobs were hit harder.
• Access to credit provided a challenge for many companies.
• Small businesses saw significant setbacks.
• Rural counties that relied on oil and gas or tourism (such as the Western Slope) suffered greater losses, while agriculture-based economies were more stable.
• The loss of basic jobs, such as manufacturing, will have a long-term effect on the state because these jobs are likely to be relocated elsewhere.
• On the other hand, the loss of non-basic jobs, such as retail, food and beverage, or personal services will return in the same location.
• Colorado will remain a popular place to live and work and net migration will remain positive, but slightly below previous years.

Looking ahead, key points from Keyser’s presentation for 2011 were:
• Non-farm wage and salary employment will decline slightly and a best case scenario is that it will be flat. Wage and salary job losses should not exceed 22,000 (1%).
• Agriculture and small businesses are likely to post a slight increase, offsetting declines in wage and salary employment.
• Construction won’t come back in the immediate future.
• Health care will continue to add jobs.
• Colorado will continue to be closely tied to the US economy.
• Many of the effects of the 2007 recession could be permanent.

Keyser’s forecast for 2011 is slightly lower than what cber.co projected in late October, but the basic analysis of the current state of the economy is similar.

Colorado to add 15,000 Jobs in 2011

November 2, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

In late October, the Bureau of Labor Statistics released its first estimate of September employment data for Colorado. Based on that report, the state is on track to lose 35,000 jobs in 2010. (Preliminary 2010 data will be released in March 2011.)

Recently, many of the nation’s top economists have revised their 2011 Real GDP forecasts downward, in the range of 1.9% to 2.6%. Output growth of 2.4% points to a miniscule job increase of 0.7%, or 15,000 jobs, for Colorado next year.

This Colorado economic forecast was shared with state business and government leaders this past week. A summary of the responses from these individuals follows:

The country should be concerned about the effect the Lost Decade will have on its competitiveness.
The recent announcement that Q3 Real GDP was 2.0% is better than expected; however, if output growth continues at this level next year, Colorado cannot expect meaningful job growth.
The lack of overall growth in the economy is reflected in the real estate market.
Colorado typically lags the nation in entering and exiting economic downturns. Colorado’s exit from the Great Recession seems to be slower than that of the nation – despite lower unemployment.
For some time, I’ve been concerned about unrealistic expectations for growth in consumer demand, given the deleveraging overhang and unemployment.
Colorado’s major wealth creation industry – mineral extraction – continues to be hobbled by policy, yet Wyoming is projecting a healthy recovery in the months ahead- thanks to their policies regarding extractive minerals.
Southwest Colorado is no better than the Front Range.
The word that best describes the Western Slope economy is “lagging.” We’re used to growing faster than the state; recently we were losing jobs faster, although those declines have slowed.
There is a reasonable chance that Colorado will experience back-to-back-to-back job losses.
We are seeing more inquiries, which hopefully will bode well for our local economy.
We are seeing more inquiries, but they are not translating into sales – yet.
Efforts are being made to manipulate the housing and equity markets to create the illusion that the economy is better than it really is. The hope is that if consumers see their net worth rise, then they will start spending again. This makeshift effort does not eliminate the fundamental problems.

While these comments are not intended to be a representative sample of all Coloradans, they support the belief that the prospects for a solid recovery are not in the immediate future.

Real GDP and Colorado Employment

October 26, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

Over time, there has been a strong correlation between the values of Real Gross Domestic Product and Colorado employment. Logically, this makes sense because both are growth variables that follow similar paths.

Employment data for Colorado was first recorded in 1939. In 4 of the decades since, (50s, 60s, 70s, 90s) there has been a strong correlation between changes in the U.S. economy and Colorado employment. In three of the decades, the tie between the two variables was weaker. This can be explained by a variety of economic disruptions:
• 1940s – World War II and the post-war effect caused the two variables to be out of sync.
• 1980s – Colorado experienced regional issues including an oil and gas boom and bust, savings and loan crisis, overbuilt housing market, and net out-migration for 5 years.
• 2000s – The primary and secondary effects of two recessions hit Colorado harder than other regions of the country.

Since 1939, Colorado has experienced net job losses 8 times. On 5 of these 8 occasions, the U.S. recorded positive Real GDP growth.

Colorado experienced job losses 4 times during the past 8 years:
2002    42,700 jobs lost.
Real GDP = 1.8%.
2003    31,400 jobs lost.
Real GDP = 2.5%.
2009    106,300 jobs lost.
Real GDP = -2.6%
2010    35,000 jobs lost.
Real GDP = 2.6%.
There was positive expansion in output in 3 of the 4 years that job losses occurred.

Recent forecast updates suggest that the U.S. will experience below potential output growth through 2011. This raises the question, “Has the fragile state economy recovered to the point where it can add jobs in such a volatile economic environment?”

Transportation Industry Hit Hard

October 22, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

Previous blog discussions have focused on the relationship between the economy and two important components of Colorado’s transportation infrastructure, DIA and RTD . The state’s transportation system also includes bridges, roadways, smaller airports, and mass transit systems – all falling under the oversight of the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) .

In addition to infrastructure, Colorado has a very vibrant transportation industry, i.e. the companies that transport people and goods. Approximately 58,000 people, or 2.8% of the state’s workforce, are employed at 3,800 companies. They receive $2.6 billion in total wages, or 2.5% of the state’s total. Average annual wages are in the neighborhood of $41,000, slightly less than the overall state average. Some of the major types of companies include:

• 2,100 Truck transport companies
• 670 Transportation support companies
• 340 Couriers
• 250 Warehouse companies
• 200 Ground transport companies
• 140 Air transportation companies

About 60% of the transportation workforce is located in Adams and Denver counties, in close proximity to DIA, Front Range Airport, and the state’s major arteries (I-25, I-70, Colorado I-76, and Colorado US 85).

Over the past two years about 10,000 jobs have been trimmed from the transportation workforce, a disproportionately high percentage of workers. Time will tell whether or not all of these positions will be recovered and the impact these job losses have on Colorado’s competitiveness.

NABE Downgrade of Real GDP Bodes Ill for Colorado

October 17, 2010May 31, 2014 horvath Leave a comment

The National Association of Business Economists (NABE) released its fall consensus forecast in early October. NABE revised its outlook for output from 3.2% (in May) to 2.6% based on lower than anticipated economic activity during the summer months.

In addition, NABE indicated that modest growth in consumer spending is on tap through 2011. Consumers will remain cautious as a result of continued high unemployment and weak gains in employment. As well, minimal growth is expected in household net worth, i.e. small gains are expected in equity portfolios and home prices

Finally, NABE opined that the downward revision in the forecast reflects “a greater appreciation of the importance of stimulus policies in countering forces holding down the economy’s performance.”

While it is not surprising that NABE lowered its expectations for expansion of the economy, the amount of the decrease is reason for concern. In simplistic terms, the May forecast suggested that the U.S. would see above potential growth this year while the October forecast now says that growth will be well below potential.

Were the NABE panelists overly anxious to see a recovery or did the positive impact of the stimulus package on Q1 Real GDP cause them to be overly optimistic in their May outlook? Clearly panelists missed indicators of the summer slowdown in their May forecast; are there other factors, favorable or unfavorable, that panelists may have missed in their October update?

The revisions in the NABE forecast illustrate the challenges that economists and business researchers face in evaluating and forecasting the performance of the economy. Many of the econometric models that have worked well during periods of growth have proven to have limitations caused by the volatility of the economy over the past decade. This is not intended as criticism, but rather an illustration of the challenge our public and private sector leaders face when they are forced to make decisions without perfect information.

While Colorado is a great place to conduct business, the underlying message from the NABE forecast bodes ill for Coloradans. Lackluster growth at the national level translates into an extended recovery for the Colorado economy, i.e. there will be limited job growth on the horizon.